Optimal Charging of Electrical Vehicles in the Smart City for Loss Minimization and Voltage Improvement

The world is two-thirds of the way through a century-long cycle of rapid urbanisation, at the end of which more than 70% of people will live in cities (World Health Organization, 2014). The urban transformation has become a major contributor to economic, demographic, social and environmental change. Electric vehicles (EVs) have become increasingly popular over the last few years and are considered as an important means to mitigate air pollution problems in big cities around the world. With their onboard batteries, EVs also present an opportunity to serve as a demand response tool in supporting future smart grid where there is usually high penetration level of renewable energy (RE) sources. In this paper, we consider the coordinated charging control of electrical vehicles in the charging stations. The goals are to illustrate how the integration of EVs at the urban area improve the overall load schedule of the distribution network.